Chemistry Practice Quizzes

Chapter 1: Nature of Chemistry in Science

Definition of chemistry and it's interaction of other matter and energy, branches of chemistry (green chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, environmental, industrial,medicinal,polymer, geochemistry, nuclear, astrochemistry).Daily life applications of chemistry( organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, environmental chemistry). Science, technology and engineering. Application of science, technology and engineering ( investigating rusting of iron, harnessing solar energy, organic chemistry in action, plastic bags).

Chapter 2: Matter

Matter,states of matter( solid, liquid,gas, plasma), exotic or intermediate states;( Bose - Einstein Condensate, Liquid crystals), properties of matter; density,compressibility, fluidity, Elements, compounds, mixture, Allotropes, Allotropes of carbon; Diamond, graphite,bucky balls, solution, solute,solvent, gaseous solution,liquid solution, solid solution, aqueous solution, saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated solution,concentrated and dilute solution, solubility, effect of temperature on solubility, colloid, suspension.

Chapter 3: Atomic Structure

Atomic model; Dalton model, Rutherford atomic model;postulates, and defects of Rutherford atomic model, Bohr's atomic model, Quantum mechanical model; Heisenberg uncertainty principle, understanding atomic model, simple review of atomic structure,nuclear force, subatomic particles, relationship between subatomic particles, behavior of electrons, protons and neutron in an electric field,charge neutrality, Radioisotopes,atomic number, mass number, uniqueness of proton number,Radioactivity,relative atomic mass and atomic mass unit, isotopes; isotopes of carbon, isotopes of hydrogen, isotopes of chlorine, isotopes of uranium, determination of relative atomic mass,carbon dating, cations and anions, electronic configuration,shells and sub-shells, symbols for atoms and ions.

Chapter 4: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Periodic table; periods and groups of element,names of some groups in the periodic table, electronic configuration, s and p blocks in the periodic table, group number and charge on an ion,periodicity of properties; shielding effect,atomic size, ionization energy,electron affinity, electronegativity, characteristics properties of elements; metallic character, reactivity,density, characteristics properties of alkali metals, prediction of properties of other elements in group 1, position of unknown element in the periodic table, transition elements; high density,high melting points, variable oxidation states,coloured compounds, catalyst for industrial processes, Lanthanides and actinides,halogens; appearance of halogens, electronic configuration,density of halogens,reactivity of halogens, displacement reactions of halogens, hydrogen halide and their thermal stabilities, prediction of properties of elements in group 17,noble gases, comparison of general physical properties of metals and non-metals; thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, adaptability,melting points and boiling points.

Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding

Why do atoms react, octet rule,duplet rule, chemical bonds, electropositive and electronegative elements,types of bonds; ionic bonds, covalent bonds, single, double, triple covalent bonds,types of covalent bond on the basis of polarity; polar,non-polar, coordinate covalent bond, intermolecular forces,dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, nature of bonding, structure and properties; types of particles,the way particles are connected to each other, the arrangement of particles, condition of electricity in ionic compounds,conduction of electricity through acids, intermolecular forces and their influence on the melting and boiling points, graphite,; structure and uses of graphite, diamond; structure and properties of diamond, contrasting ionic and covalent compounds and their uses, metallic bonds, structure of properties of metals which make it suitable for industrial purposes.

Chapter 6: Stoichiometery

Empirical and molecular formula, molecular mass and formula mass,chemical formula and name of binary ionic compounds, Avogadro's number and mole,gram atomic mass,gram molecular mass and gram formula mass, difference between the terms gram atomic mass,gram molecular mass and gram formula mass,mole mass calculations, mole-particles calculations, chemical equation and balancing, exploring ionic equation, molecular and structural formula.

Chapter 7: Electrochemistry

Oxidation and reduction; oxidation reduction in terms of loss or gain of electron, oxidation reduction in terms of transfer of hydrogen, oxidation reduction in terms of transfer of electron,Redox in photography, oxidation states and rules for assigning oxidation states, monoatomic ions and polyatomic ions and their oxidation number, determining the oxidation number of an atom in a compound,formula of an ionic compounds, oxidizing and reducing agents, corrosion and it's prevention; prevention of corrosion, coating with paint, alloying, coating with a thin layer of another metal; tinning, galvanizing, electroplating, cathodic protection.

Chapter 8: Energetics

Energy in chemical reactions, system and surroundings, thermochemical reactions, thermochemistry, exothermic and endothermic reactions, enthalpy of reaction, bond formation and bond dissociation energy, activation energy, catalyst, Respiration; aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 9: Chemical Equilibrium

Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium, condition for equilibrium, Chemical equilibrium.

Chapter 10: Acids, Bases and Salts

Concepts of acids and bases, Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases, Bronsted lowery concepts of acids and bases, strength of acids and bases; strong and weak acids, strong and weak bases, alkalis, characteristic properties of acids, characteristics properties of bases, oxides and hydroxides.

Chapter 11: Environmental Chemistry-Air

Composition of atmosphere, air pollutants, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ground level ozone, sources of air pollution; natural sources, human activities global warming, acid rain and it's effects, catalytic converters, strategies to reduce environmental problems; climate change migration, afforestation and reforestation, sustainable land use, move to a low- carbon economy, international cooperation and politics, strategies to solve acid rain; acid rain mitigation, catalytic converters in vehicles, photosynthesis, personal protective measures against pollution; masks and respiratory protection, air quality indices, carbon monoxide detector, risk factors; long term exposure to pollutants, smoking, indoor pollution, allergens, climate change.

Chapter 12: Environmental Chemistry-water

Properties of water, water as solvent, quality of water from natural resources, disadvantages of natural substances found in water; dissolved oxygen, metal compounds,plastics,wastewater, harmful microbes, nitrates from fertilizers,phosphates from fertilizers and detergents, benefits of natural substances found in water, treatment of domestic water,raw water treatment; sedimentation, coagulation, filtration,chlorination, distilled water,tap water, water pollution,house hold wastes, water born diseases; dysentery, jaundice, hepatitis, typhoid, ways to deal with the negative effects of water pollution, water scarcity in Pakistan; population growth, climate change,ineduquate water supply, fertilizers.

Chapter 13: Organic Chemistry

Organic compounds, homologous series, structural formula, molecular formula, condensed formula, saturated hydrocarbons; alkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons; alkenes, alkynes, Catenation, isomerism, classification of organic compounds, open chain compounds; straight chain,branched chain compounds, closed chain, compounds; Homocyclic and heterocyclic compounds, functional groups of alkenes, alkynes, alcohol; phenols,carboxylic acids, haloalkanes, esters, aldehyde and ketones, ethers,amines, amines.

Chapter 14: Hydrocarbons

Alkanes, general methods of preparation of alkanes; By the dehydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, by the reduction of alkyl halides,by the cracking of lager hydrocarbons, properties of alkanes; halogenation, combustion; complete and incomplete combustion.

Chapter 15: Biochemistry

Nutrition and healthy eating, importance of healthy diet or nutrition, balanced diet, biochemistry, carbohydrates - a source of energy,calorie, classification of carbohydrates, simple and complex, proteins, enzymes, Amino acids,lipids, nucleic acids,DNA,RNA,basic components of food; carbohydrates, proteins,lipids, nucleic acids their sources, function properties, deficiency, required daily intake for young adults, malnutrition, marasmus.

Chapter 16: Empirical Data Collection and Analysis

Standard Units, SI Units, SI Prefixes, Fundamental SI Units, Derived Units, Conversion and Importance of Units, Appropriateness of Units, Precision of Measurement, Compatibility of Units, Time-Sensitive Reactions, International Standards, Scientific Notation, Rules of Scientific Notation, Converting Ordinary Form to Standard Form, Converting Standard Form to Ordinary Form, Tools and Techniques for Accuracy and Precision, Accuracy, Precision, Common Sources of Measurement Errors, Techniques for Accurate Laboratory Measurement, Measuring Volume, Meniscus Reading, Measuring Mass, Measuring Temperature, Measuring Time, Laboratory Measuring Instruments, Beaker, Measuring Cylinder, Volumetric Pipette, Burette, Gas Syringe, Laboratory Thermometer, Beam Balance, Electronic Balance, Analytical Balance, Stopwatch, Advantages of Experimental Method, Disadvantages of Experimental Method

Chapter 18: Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis, Introduction to Qualitative Analysis, Detection of Gases, Detection of Ammonia, Detection of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Detection of Chlorine Gas, Detection of Hydrogen Gas Using Lighted Splint (Pop Test), Detection of Oxygen Using Glowing Splint, Detection of Sulphur Dioxide, Detection of Metal Cations, Flame Test, Principle of Flame Test, Flame Test Procedure, Identification of Metal Cations by Flame Colour, Common Metal Cations and Their Flame Colours

Chapter 19: Chromatography

Chromatography, Introduction to Chromatography, Principle of Chromatography, Stationary Phase, Mobile Phase, Interaction Between Stationary and Mobile Phases, Paper Chromatography, Paper Chromatography Procedure, Preparation of Chromatogram, Solvent or Mobile Phase, Locating Agent, Development of Chromatogram, Reading a Chromatogram, Separation of Mixture Components, Identification of an Unknown Substance, Comparison with Known Substances, Retention Factor (Rf) Value

Ch 1 + Chapter 2: Matter

Definition of chemistry and it's interaction of other matter and energy, branches of chemistry (green chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, environmental, industrial,medicinal,polymer, geochemistry, nuclear, astrochemistry).Daily life applications of chemistry( organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, environmental chemistry). Science, technology and engineering. Application of science, technology and engineering ( investigating rusting of iron, harnessing solar energy, organic chemistry in action, plastic bags).

Chapter 3: Atomic Structure + Ch 4

Atomic model; Dalton model, Rutherford atomic model;postulates, and defects of Rutherford atomic model, Bohr's atomic model, Quantum mechanical model; Heisenberg uncertainty principle, understanding atomic model, simple review of atomic structure,nuclear force, subatomic particles, relationship between subatomic particles, behavior of electrons, protons and neutron in an electric field,charge neutrality, Radioisotopes,atomic number, mass number, uniqueness of proton number,Radioactivity,relative atomic mass and atomic mass unit, isotopes; isotopes of carbon, isotopes of hydrogen, isotopes of chlorine, isotopes of uranium, determination of relative atomic mass,carbon dating, cations and anions, electronic configuration,shells and sub-shells, symbols for atoms and ions.

Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding + Chapter 6: Stoichiometery

Why do atoms react, octet rule,duplet rule, chemical bonds, electropositive and electronegative elements,types of bonds; ionic bonds, covalent bonds, single, double, triple covalent bonds,types of covalent bond on the basis of polarity; polar,non-polar, coordinate covalent bond, intermolecular forces,dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, nature of bonding, structure and properties; types of particles,the way particles are connected to each other, the arrangement of particles, condition of electricity in ionic compounds,conduction of electricity through acids, intermolecular forces and their influence on the melting and boiling points, graphite,; structure and uses of graphite, diamond; structure and properties of diamond, contrasting ionic and covalent compounds and their uses, metallic bonds, structure of properties of metals which make it suitable for industrial purposes.

Chapter 7: Electrochemistry + Chapter 8: Energetics

Oxidation and reduction; oxidation reduction in terms of loss or gain of electron, oxidation reduction in terms of transfer of hydrogen, oxidation reduction in terms of transfer of electron,Redox in photography, oxidation states and rules for assigning oxidation states, monoatomic ions and polyatomic ions and their oxidation number, determining the oxidation number of an atom in a compound,formula of an ionic compounds, oxidizing and reducing agents, corrosion and it's prevention; prevention of corrosion, coating with paint, alloying, coating with a thin layer of another metal; tinning, galvanizing, electroplating, cathodic protection.

Chapter 9: Chemical Equilibrium + Chapter 10: Acids, Bases and Salts

Concepts of acids and bases, Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases, Bronsted lowery concepts of acids and bases, strength of acids and bases; strong and weak acids, strong and weak bases, alkalis, characteristic properties of acids, characteristics properties of bases, oxides and hydroxides.

Chapter 11: Environmental Chemistry-Air + Ch 12

Composition of atmosphere, air pollutants, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ground level ozone, sources of air pollution; natural sources, human activities global warming, acid rain and it's effects, catalytic converters, strategies to reduce environmental problems; climate change migration, afforestation and reforestation, sustainable land use, move to a low- carbon economy, international cooperation and politics, strategies to solve acid rain; acid rain mitigation, catalytic converters in vehicles, photosynthesis, personal protective measures against pollution; masks and respiratory protection, air quality indices, carbon monoxide detector, risk factors; long term exposure to pollutants, smoking, indoor pollution, allergens, climate change.

Chapter 13: Organic Chemistry + Chapter 14: Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds, homologous series, structural formula, molecular formula, condensed formula, saturated hydrocarbons; alkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons; alkenes, alkynes, Catenation, isomerism, classification of organic compounds, open chain compounds; straight chain,branched chain compounds, closed chain, compounds; Homocyclic and heterocyclic compounds, functional groups of alkenes, alkynes, alcohol; phenols,carboxylic acids, haloalkanes, esters, aldehyde and ketones, ethers,amines, amines.

Chapter 15: Biochemistry + Ch 16

Nutrition and healthy eating, importance of healthy diet or nutrition, balanced diet, biochemistry, carbohydrates - a source of energy,calorie, classification of carbohydrates, simple and complex, proteins, enzymes, Amino acids,lipids, nucleic acids,DNA,RNA,basic components of food; carbohydrates, proteins,lipids, nucleic acids their sources, function properties, deficiency, required daily intake for young adults, malnutrition, marasmus.

Chapter 18: Qualitative Analysis + Chapter 19: Chromatography

Qualitative Analysis, Introduction to Qualitative Analysis, Detection of Gases, Detection of Ammonia, Detection of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Detection of Chlorine Gas, Detection of Hydrogen Gas Using Lighted Splint (Pop Test), Detection of Oxygen Using Glowing Splint, Detection of Sulphur Dioxide, Detection of Metal Cations, Flame Test, Principle of Flame Test, Flame Test Procedure, Identification of Metal Cations by Flame Colour, Common Metal Cations and Their Flame Colours

Chapter 1: Nature of Chemistry in Science

Definition of chemistry and it's interaction of other matter and energy, branches of chemistry (green chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, environmental, industrial,medicinal,polymer, geochemistry, nuclear, astrochemistry).Daily life applications of chemistry( organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, environmental chemistry). Science, technology and engineering. Application of science, technology and engineering ( investigating rusting of iron, harnessing solar energy, organic chemistry in action, plastic bags).

Chapter 10: Acids, Bases and Salts

Concepts of acids and bases, Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases, Bronsted lowery concepts of acids and bases, strength of acids and bases; strong and weak acids, strong and weak bases, alkalis, characteristic properties of acids, characteristics properties of bases, oxides and hydroxides.

Chapter 11: Environmental Chemistry-Air

Composition of atmosphere, air pollutants, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ground level ozone, sources of air pollution; natural sources, human activities global warming, acid rain and it's effects, catalytic converters, strategies to reduce environmental problems; climate change migration, afforestation and reforestation, sustainable land use, move to a low- carbon economy, international cooperation and politics, strategies to solve acid rain; acid rain mitigation, catalytic converters in vehicles, photosynthesis, personal protective measures against pollution; masks and respiratory protection, air quality indices, carbon monoxide detector, risk factors; long term exposure to pollutants, smoking, indoor pollution, allergens, climate change.

Chapter 15: Biochemistry

Nutrition and healthy eating, importance of healthy diet or nutrition, balanced diet, biochemistry, carbohydrates - a source of energy,calorie, classification of carbohydrates, simple and complex, proteins, enzymes, Amino acids,lipids, nucleic acids,DNA,RNA,basic components of food; carbohydrates, proteins,lipids, nucleic acids their sources, function properties, deficiency, required daily intake for young adults, malnutrition, marasmus.

Chapter 1: Nature of Chemistry in Science

Definition of chemistry and it's interaction of other matter and energy, branches of chemistry (green chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, environmental, industrial,medicinal,polymer, geochemistry, nuclear, astrochemistry).Daily life applications of chemistry( organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, environmental chemistry). Science, technology and engineering. Application of science, technology and engineering ( investigating rusting of iron, harnessing solar energy, organic chemistry in action, plastic bags).

Chapter 10: Acids, Bases and Salts

Concepts of acids and bases, Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases, Bronsted lowery concepts of acids and bases, strength of acids and bases; strong and weak acids, strong and weak bases, alkalis, characteristic properties of acids, characteristics properties of bases, oxides and hydroxides.

Chapter 1: Nature of Chemistry in Science

Definition of chemistry and it's interaction of other matter and energy, branches of chemistry (green chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, environmental, industrial,medicinal,polymer, geochemistry, nuclear, astrochemistry).Daily life applications of chemistry( organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, environmental chemistry). Science, technology and engineering. Application of science, technology and engineering ( investigating rusting of iron, harnessing solar energy, organic chemistry in action, plastic bags).

Unit#1: History of Chemistry

Principles and methods in chemistry, conservation of mass energy,using observations and logical thinking, controlled experiments, peer review,being objective, skepticism and proof, evolution of scientific ideas,what is scientific paradigm, phlogiston theory, historical models of the atom,the plum pudding model, Rutherford model, Bohr model and quantum model,the periodic table, modern periodic table, scientific paradigm in chemistry, confidence and uncertainty in chemistry, confidence intervals,p- values,standard error and standard deviation, bayesian probability, quantifying uncertainty, repeatability and reproducibility.

Unit#2: Matter

Changes of states of matter,melting, boiling, freezing, condensation, sublimation, deposition, heating curve, cooling curve, evaporation and boiling, effect of pressure on evaporation and boiling, kinetic particle theory and gas laws, Boyle's law, Charles law, Avogadro's law, diffusion of gases, diffusion process explained by kinetic particle theory, factors affecting diffusion, molecular weight, temperature, sublimation, application of sublimation in our daily life,examples of deposition, importance of diffusion rates in medicine.

Unit#3: Stoichiometry

Mole,mole ratios in stoichiometric calculations, limiting and non limiting reactants, identification of a limiting reactant in a reaction, theoretical yield, actual yield and percent yield, determining empirical and molecular formulas, concentration units,molarity,problems involving the molarity of a solution, strength of a solution,gram per cubic decimeter, gram per cubic centimeter,unit conversion, problems involving interconversion of molarity and strength,dilution of solutions, calculating the concentration of a solution through titration.

Unit#4: Electrochemistry

Electrochemical cells,nature of electrochemical process, spontaneous and non-spontaneous process,concepts of electrolytes and electrolysis, electrolytic cells, electrolysis, electrolysis of molten electrolytes, electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, electrolysis of molten lead(2) chloride using platinum or graphite electrodes, electrolysis of Concentrated aqueous solution, electrolysis of dilute aqueous solution, electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid using platinum electrodes, electrolysis copper(2) sulphate using platinum electrodes, electrolysis copper(2) sulphate using copper electrodes, electrolysis of halide compounds, electrolysis of dilute halide solution, electrolysis of Concentrated halide solution, electroplating ( deposition using the same electrode), application of electroplating,zinc plating,Tin plating, chromium plating,galvanic cell( Daniel cell) reaction in a Daniel cell, electrochemical series,battery as a source of electrical energy,fuel cell, advantages and disadvantages of fuel cell.

Unit#5: Reaction Kinetics

Rates of reaction, collision theory and activation energy,catalyst and their role in reaction kinetics, physical parameters that effect the rate of reaction,factors affecting the rate of reaction, concentration of reactants, surface area, temperature, pressure of gases, catalyst, enzymes,role of chemical kinetics in the food industry.

Unit#6: Salts

Salts, physical state and melting points, solids at STP, lattice structure of ionic compounds, electrical conductivity,high melting and boiling points, hardness and brittleness, preparation, separation and purification of soluble salts, preparation by titration ( acid and alkali), preparation with excess metal, preparation with excess insoluble base,preparation with excess insoluble carbonate, soluble and insoluble salts.

Unit#7: Nitrogen, Sulphur and Metals

Photochemical smog, acid rain,contact process,habers process, Oxides, acidic,basic and amphoteric oxides, general characteristics of metals, reaction with dilute acids, reaction with cold water, reaction with steam, reaction with oxygen, reactivity series, highly reactive metals, moderately reactive metals, less reactive metals, Unreactive metals.

Unit#8: Organic Chemistry

Structural formula, normal way to draw structural formula, structural formula for alkanes, alkanes,alkynes,naming organic compounds naming include naming alkanes,alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, carboxylic acids,esters.

Unit#9: Hydrocarbons

Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons,alkenes, preparation of alkenes by the cracking of lager alkanes,by dehydration of alcohols, by dehydrohalogenation of halogenoalkanes, properties of alkenes physical and chemical properties, reaction with halogens, reaction with KMnO4, hydrogenation of alkenes, hydration of alkenes, alkynes, commercial importance of ethyne, distinguishing saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by bromine water test and Bayer's test, fossil fuels,coal,natural gas, petroleum,separating crude oil, fraction of petroleum and their uses.

Unit#10: Hydroxy Compounds

Manufacture of ethanol by fermentation method, by the hydration of ethene, combustion of alcohols, application of alcohol as fuels, role of alcohols in pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, impact of alcohol on everyday life public health.

Unit#11: Carboxylic Compounds

Formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of alcholos, by the bacterial oxidation of ethanol, reactions of carboxylic acids, reaction involving H-atom of the carboxyl group ( acidic properties of carboxylic acid), reaction with bases, reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates, reaction with metals, reaction with involving the OH group of carboxylic acid, reaction with alcohol( preparation of ester), industrial applications of carboxylic acids and esters, everyday uses of carboxylic acids and esters.

Unit#12: Polymers

Polymers, addition and condensation polymer, plastics, properties of plastics, environmental impact of plastics, incineration, importance of polymers in the textile industry, properties of plastics and their implications for disposal, durability and longevity, lightweight nature, chemical composition, recyclability, environmental challenges caused by plastics, disposal of plastics in landfill sites, accumulation in oceans, formation of toxic gases from burning,

Unit#13: Biochemistry

Proteins, the basic unit of protein - amino acids, classification of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, significance of nucleic acids, vitamins- sources and their importance to health, fat-soluble vitamins, water- soluble vitamins,sources and functions of vitamins, vitamin A, vitamin B complex,vitamin C,D,E,K, genetics, genetic engineering,gene therapy, cloning, types of cloning include reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, gene cloning.

Unit#14: Chemical Equilibrium, Acids, Bases & Salts

Unit#1: History of Chemistry + Unit#2: Matter

Principles and methods in chemistry, conservation of mass energy,using observations and logical thinking, controlled experiments, peer review,being objective, skepticism and proof, evolution of scientific ideas,what is scientific paradigm, phlogiston theory, historical models of the atom,the plum pudding model, Rutherford model, Bohr model and quantum model,the periodic table, modern periodic table, scientific paradigm in chemistry, confidence and uncertainty in chemistry, confidence intervals,p- values,standard error and standard deviation, bayesian probability, quantifying uncertainty, repeatability and reproducibility.

Unit#3: Stoichiometry + Unit#4: Electrochemistry

Mole,mole ratios in stoichiometric calculations, limiting and non limiting reactants, identification of a limiting reactant in a reaction, theoretical yield, actual yield and percent yield, determining empirical and molecular formulas, concentration units,molarity,problems involving the molarity of a solution, strength of a solution,gram per cubic decimeter, gram per cubic centimeter,unit conversion, problems involving interconversion of molarity and strength,dilution of solutions, calculating the concentration of a solution through titration.

Unit#5: Reaction Kinetics + Unit#6: Salts

Rates of reaction, collision theory and activation energy,catalyst and their role in reaction kinetics, physical parameters that effect the rate of reaction,factors affecting the rate of reaction, concentration of reactants, surface area, temperature, pressure of gases, catalyst, enzymes,role of chemical kinetics in the food industry.

Unit#7: Nitrogen, Sulphur and Metals + Unit#8: Organic Chemistry

Photochemical smog, acid rain,contact process,habers process, Oxides, acidic,basic and amphoteric oxides, general characteristics of metals, reaction with dilute acids, reaction with cold water, reaction with steam, reaction with oxygen, reactivity series, highly reactive metals, moderately reactive metals, less reactive metals, Unreactive metals.

Unit#9: Hydrocarbons + Unit#10: Hydroxy Compounds

Manufacture of ethanol by fermentation method, by the hydration of ethene, combustion of alcohols, application of alcohol as fuels, role of alcohols in pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, impact of alcohol on everyday life public health.

Unit#11: Carboxylic Compounds + Unit#12: Polymers

Formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of alcholos, by the bacterial oxidation of ethanol, reactions of carboxylic acids, reaction involving H-atom of the carboxyl group ( acidic properties of carboxylic acid), reaction with bases, reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates, reaction with metals, reaction with involving the OH group of carboxylic acid, reaction with alcohol( preparation of ester), industrial applications of carboxylic acids and esters, everyday uses of carboxylic acids and esters.

Unit#13: Biochemistry + Ch 14

Proteins, the basic unit of protein - amino acids, classification of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, significance of nucleic acids, vitamins- sources and their importance to health, fat-soluble vitamins, water- soluble vitamins,sources and functions of vitamins, vitamin A, vitamin B complex,vitamin C,D,E,K, genetics, genetic engineering,gene therapy, cloning, types of cloning include reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, gene cloning.

Unit#1: History of Chemistry

Principles and methods in chemistry, conservation of mass energy,using observations and logical thinking, controlled experiments, peer review,being objective, skepticism and proof, evolution of scientific ideas,what is scientific paradigm, phlogiston theory, historical models of the atom,the plum pudding model, Rutherford model, Bohr model and quantum model,the periodic table, modern periodic table, scientific paradigm in chemistry, confidence and uncertainty in chemistry, confidence intervals,p- values,standard error and standard deviation, bayesian probability, quantifying uncertainty, repeatability and reproducibility.

Unit#5: Reaction Kinetics

Rates of reaction, collision theory and activation energy,catalyst and their role in reaction kinetics, physical parameters that effect the rate of reaction,factors affecting the rate of reaction, concentration of reactants, surface area, temperature, pressure of gases, catalyst, enzymes,role of chemical kinetics in the food industry.

Unit#10: Hydroxy Compounds

Manufacture of ethanol by fermentation method, by the hydration of ethene, combustion of alcohols, application of alcohol as fuels, role of alcohols in pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, impact of alcohol on everyday life public health.

Unit#12: Polymers

Polymers, addition and condensation polymer, plastics, properties of plastics, environmental impact of plastics, incineration, importance of polymers in the textile industry, properties of plastics and their implications for disposal, durability and longevity, lightweight nature, chemical composition, recyclability, environmental challenges caused by plastics, disposal of plastics in landfill sites, accumulation in oceans, formation of toxic gases from burning,

Unit#1: History of Chemistry

Principles and methods in chemistry, conservation of mass energy,using observations and logical thinking, controlled experiments, peer review,being objective, skepticism and proof, evolution of scientific ideas,what is scientific paradigm, phlogiston theory, historical models of the atom,the plum pudding model, Rutherford model, Bohr model and quantum model,the periodic table, modern periodic table, scientific paradigm in chemistry, confidence and uncertainty in chemistry, confidence intervals,p- values,standard error and standard deviation, bayesian probability, quantifying uncertainty, repeatability and reproducibility.

Unit#10: Hydroxy Compounds

Manufacture of ethanol by fermentation method, by the hydration of ethene, combustion of alcohols, application of alcohol as fuels, role of alcohols in pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, impact of alcohol on everyday life public health.

Unit#1: History of Chemistry

Principles and methods in chemistry, conservation of mass energy,using observations and logical thinking, controlled experiments, peer review,being objective, skepticism and proof, evolution of scientific ideas,what is scientific paradigm, phlogiston theory, historical models of the atom,the plum pudding model, Rutherford model, Bohr model and quantum model,the periodic table, modern periodic table, scientific paradigm in chemistry, confidence and uncertainty in chemistry, confidence intervals,p- values,standard error and standard deviation, bayesian probability, quantifying uncertainty, repeatability and reproducibility.